What are the key developments in the escalating regional conflict involving Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, and Yemen's Houthis, including Saudi and Jordanian warnings to Baghdad about cross-border attacks, reports of Houthi coordination with Iraqi militias, Saudi Arabia's preparatio

Houthi coordination with Iraqi militias – Reuters reported exclusively on July 30 that Yemen's Houthis attacked Saudi Arabia from Iraqi territory in direct coordination with Iran-aligned Iraqi armed groups, according to assessments by Saudi Arabia and regional partners . The Houthis maintain technical adviser teams in Iraq and help local militants fire missiles . This marks an escalation from political solidarity into a full operational partnership covering military, logistical, and intelligence activities .

Saudi Arabia's multinational maritime coalition – On July 30, Saudi Arabia unveiled plans for the "Multinational Maritime Defense Alliance" to protect Red Sea shipping and energy routes from Houthi attacks. Riyadh discussed the proposal with military representatives of approximately 43–50 countries and proposed leading the coalition . This came after the Houthis imposed a naval blockade on the kingdom and threatened "full escalation" .

US-Saudi strikes on Iran-backed factions in Iraq – On July 28–29, US Central Command and Saudi forces conducted precision strikes in Iraq against Iran-aligned militant groups, hitting logistics and weapons sites in eastern Iraq. The strikes killed at least 20 members of Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) across seven provinces . The US and Saudi governments said the strikes were in response to drone attacks on Saudi oil facilities .

Iraqi government response – Iraqi Prime Minister Ali al-Zaidi convened an emergency National Security Council meeting. Baghdad condemned the US-Saudi strikes as a "flagrant violation of sovereignty" and warned of a "major miscalculation" . Iraqi armed groups also condemned the strikes as a "dangerous escalation" .

Iran's retaliatory missile strikes – On July 29, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps fired ballistic missiles at the Muwaffaq Salti Air Base and US Central Command headquarters in Jordan, calling it a response to the US-Saudi strikes in Iraq .

Regional diplomatic reactions and concerns – Regional officials have warned that the conflict risks spiraling into a broader war, with Saudi Arabia now facing threats from three fronts: Iran, Iraqi militias, and the Houthis . The Houthi leader threatened "full escalation" against Saudi Arabia hours before the maritime coalition was announced . The deepening integration of Houthi and Iraqi militia operations under IRGC oversight has further destabilized the region .