EU Files First Foreign Subsidies Charge Sheet Against JD.com Over Ceconomy Bid

What the EU Alleges

The Commission's preliminary investigation found that JD.com likely benefited from foreign subsidies — including preferential financing, grants, and tax breaks from the Chinese government — that could distort the EU internal market by giving JD an unfair advantage in the acquisition . EU regulators are specifically probing whether these potential subsidies enabled JD.com to offer a higher price for Ceconomy .

JD.com's Response

JD.com has denied receiving any foreign subsidies that would distort the acquisition. The company maintains its financing is commercially based, stating it is "funded by external private bank debt and available cash from ordinary course business activities" and that it has "not received any foreign subsidies" . The company has indicated it will contest the Commission's preliminary findings .

What Happens Next

JD.com can respond in writing and request an oral hearing. It may also propose remedies (behavioral commitments or structural concessions) to address the EU's competition concerns. If the Commission concludes subsidies distorted the deal, it can prohibit the transaction, impose conditions, or require repayment .

Regulatory Timeline

The deal has run a gauntlet of national and EU-level reviews since its announcement:

• July 30, 2025 — JD.com announces its €2.2 billion bid for Ceconomy .
• Late 2025 / early 2026 — The deal is notified to national competition authorities in several EU member states (e.g., Poland's UOKiK) because it did not meet EU Merger Regulation thresholds .
• April 22, 2026 — The European Commission opens a preliminary FSR review, setting a May 28 deadline for an initial ruling .
• May 28, 2026 — The Commission escalates to a full-scale in-depth investigation under the FSR, citing concerns over foreign subsidies .
• June 30, 2026 — Germany's national foreign investment clearance is reportedly cleared .
• July 22, 2026 — The Commission issues a formal statement of objections (the "charge sheet") confirming it believes JD.com received distortive subsidies . Ongoing foreign investment reviews in Austria and Spain also continue .

Broader EU-China E-Commerce Tensions

The JD.com probe sits inside a much larger escalation in EU trade policy toward Chinese e-commerce.

Surging low-value imports

In 2024, 91% of all e-commerce shipments valued under €150 entering the EU came from China . Approximately 16 million low-value parcels arrive in the EU daily from China . European policymakers have warned this flood is causing "desertification" of urban retail and giving Chinese platforms (Temu, Shein, JD.com) an unfair advantage over EU-based retailers .

New customs levies

Effective July 1, 2026, the EU abolished the long-standing €150 duty-free de minimis exemption for low-value parcels . A temporary flat €3 customs duty per item now applies to all consignments valued at €150 or less imported from outside the EU . This flat fee will apply until July 1, 2028, after which normal customs duties will be phased in under a broader EU customs reform . The EU also rolled out parallel measures to protect its steel industry and address the broader trade imbalance with China .

In short, the JD.com-Ceconomy deal is the highest-profile test case of the EU's FSR against China, and it is unfolding in parallel with a systemic EU crackdown on the volume and pricing advantage of Chinese e-commerce imports.