xfs_reflink_fill_cow_hole and xfs_reflink_fill_delalloc kernel helpers . These functions cycle the XFS inode lock (ILOCK) to acquire a transaction, which causes both the data fork and CoW fork mappings to become stale .xfs_find_trim_cow_extent, the data fork mapping is NOT refreshed before the next write . This allows a concurrent write to bypass the copy-on-write process and directly modify shared data blocks that the attacker should not be able to write to ./etc/passwd, /etc/shadow, or SSH authorized_keys — even on systems running SELinux in Enforcing mode .3c68d44a2b49 and present in every mainline and stable kernel since then .mkfs.xfs in 2019, meaning most modern XFS volumes are affected .