U.S. measures in January, May, and mid-June 2026

The blockade unfolded in three distinct phases:

• January 2026: The U.S. intervened militarily in Venezuela, ousting Nicolás Maduro and cutting off Venezuelan oil exports to Cuba, which had been the island's primary fuel source . On January 29, Trump issued an executive order threatening "secondary tariffs" on any country that supplies oil to Cuba, effectively blocking third-party fuel shipments .
• May 2026: Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced new Cuba sanctions, driving foreign companies off the island and deepening the energy crisis . UN experts called the January directive a form of "energy starvation" putting human rights at risk .
• Mid-June 2026: The Trump administration sanctioned Cuba's national oil company directly . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk declared a humanitarian emergency, holding the U.S. directly responsible for widespread harm .

Fuel rationing and energy collapse

Cuba announced a comprehensive fuel-rationing strategy in early February 2026 to protect essential services . Fuel is now strictly reserved for emergency vehicles and critical infrastructure. The country experienced three nationwide blackouts in March 2026 alone . Rolling blackouts routinely disrupt homes, hospitals, and public transport . By mid-May, daily blackouts regularly exceeded 20 hours .

Food production and agriculture

Food production has fallen by 60% as of June 2026, according to UN OHCHR reporting . Fuel shortages have halted farm machinery, irrigation pumps, and food transport from rural to urban areas . The ACAPS humanitarian assessment notes severe disruptions in food supply chains across all regions of Cuba . Food prices rose 18% as energy shortages disrupted agricultural production, processing, refrigeration, and distribution .

Water access

Nearly 3 million Cubans experience daily water shortages because the island's water system operates with only 37% of its required fuel, according to the Associated Press . UN OCHA reported that 2.7 million people are affected by water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) shortages . The national water system depends on electricity for 84% of its pumping capacity .

Healthcare collapse

• 96,000 medical procedures have been postponed, including 11,000 surgeries for children . Projections indicate the surgery backlog could reach 160,000 by the end of 2026 .
• Over 300 pediatric surgeries per week lack essential medications, oxygen, and anesthesia .
• Only 30% of essential medicines are available, according to the UN Resident Coordinator .
• 67,000 children are at risk of missing vaccinations .
• Kidney dialysis treatments have been disrupted, and hospitals operate under frequent blackouts .
• An estimated 32,000 expectant mothers may not receive the recommended minimum of three ultrasounds during their pregnancies .

Infant mortality

The infant mortality rate has doubled over the past decade, rising from 4.0 per 1,000 live births to 9.9 per 1,000 live births as of mid-2026 . A peer-reviewed study in PMC estimates that if the infant mortality rate had remained unchanged, approximately 1,800 more babies would have survived since 2018 . Under-5 child mortality has increased from 6.0 to 8.3 per 1,000 live births . Cuban Vice Prime Minister Eduardo Martínez Díaz acknowledged on July 3 that infant mortality had reached 9.3 per 1,000 live births, double its best historical record .

Childhood cancer survival

The survival rate for children with cancer has dropped from approximately 80–85% to 65% since the blockade intensified . The UN attributes this directly to shortages of chemotherapy drugs, anesthesia, and surgical supplies caused by the fuel blockade and sanctions . Cuba treats roughly 1,400 children living with cancer at any given time, with approximately 400 new pediatric cancer diagnoses annually . The head of pediatric oncology at the Oncology and Radiobiology Institute of Havana stated that the decline is directly linked to the U.S. embargo .

Medicine availability

A peer-reviewed article in PMC notes that U.S. sanctions prohibit Cuba from purchasing medical technology containing even 10% U.S. components, compounding medicine shortages . By March 2026, 80% of the country's 401 domestically produced essential medicines were below required levels, and medicines were predominantly available through an informal market at prices unreachable for most patients on state salaries . The UN Resident Coordinator reported that only 30% of essential medicines are available, and 67,000 children are at risk of missing vaccinations .

Key sources: UN OHCHR (June 2026) , ACAPS humanitarian assessment , Reuters , AP , Foreign Policy , Forbes , NBC News , peer-reviewed medical literature , and statements from the Cuban Vice Prime Minister .

U.S. measures in January, May, and mid-June 2026

The blockade unfolded in three distinct phases:

• January 2026: The U.S. intervened militarily in Venezuela, ousting Nicolás Maduro and cutting off Venezuelan oil exports to Cuba, which had been the island's primary fuel source . On January 29, Trump issued an executive order threatening "secondary tariffs" on any country that supplies oil to Cuba, effectively blocking third-party fuel shipments .
• May 2026: Secretary of State Marco Rubio announced new Cuba sanctions, driving foreign companies off the island and deepening the energy crisis . UN experts called the January directive a form of "energy starvation" putting human rights at risk .
• Mid-June 2026: The Trump administration sanctioned Cuba's national oil company directly . UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk declared a humanitarian emergency, holding the U.S. directly responsible for widespread harm .

Fuel rationing and energy collapse

Cuba announced a comprehensive fuel-rationing strategy in early February 2026 to protect essential services . Fuel is now strictly reserved for emergency vehicles and critical infrastructure. The country experienced three nationwide blackouts in March 2026 alone . Rolling blackouts routinely disrupt homes, hospitals, and public transport . By mid-May, daily blackouts regularly exceeded 20 hours .

Food production and agriculture

Food production has fallen by 60% as of June 2026, according to UN OHCHR reporting . Fuel shortages have halted farm machinery, irrigation pumps, and food transport from rural to urban areas . The ACAPS humanitarian assessment notes severe disruptions in food supply chains across all regions of Cuba . Food prices rose 18% as energy shortages disrupted agricultural production, processing, refrigeration, and distribution .

Water access

Nearly 3 million Cubans experience daily water shortages because the island's water system operates with only 37% of its required fuel, according to the Associated Press . UN OCHA reported that 2.7 million people are affected by water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) shortages . The national water system depends on electricity for 84% of its pumping capacity .

Healthcare collapse

• 96,000 medical procedures have been postponed, including 11,000 surgeries for children . Projections indicate the surgery backlog could reach 160,000 by the end of 2026 .
• Over 300 pediatric surgeries per week lack essential medications, oxygen, and anesthesia .
• Only 30% of essential medicines are available, according to the UN Resident Coordinator .
• 67,000 children are at risk of missing vaccinations .
• Kidney dialysis treatments have been disrupted, and hospitals operate under frequent blackouts .
• An estimated 32,000 expectant mothers may not receive the recommended minimum of three ultrasounds during their pregnancies .

Infant mortality

The infant mortality rate has doubled over the past decade, rising from 4.0 per 1,000 live births to 9.9 per 1,000 live births as of mid-2026 . A peer-reviewed study in PMC estimates that if the infant mortality rate had remained unchanged, approximately 1,800 more babies would have survived since 2018 . Under-5 child mortality has increased from 6.0 to 8.3 per 1,000 live births . Cuban Vice Prime Minister Eduardo Martínez Díaz acknowledged on July 3 that infant mortality had reached 9.3 per 1,000 live births, double its best historical record .

Childhood cancer survival

The survival rate for children with cancer has dropped from approximately 80–85% to 65% since the blockade intensified . The UN attributes this directly to shortages of chemotherapy drugs, anesthesia, and surgical supplies caused by the fuel blockade and sanctions . Cuba treats roughly 1,400 children living with cancer at any given time, with approximately 400 new pediatric cancer diagnoses annually . The head of pediatric oncology at the Oncology and Radiobiology Institute of Havana stated that the decline is directly linked to the U.S. embargo .

Medicine availability

A peer-reviewed article in PMC notes that U.S. sanctions prohibit Cuba from purchasing medical technology containing even 10% U.S. components, compounding medicine shortages . By March 2026, 80% of the country's 401 domestically produced essential medicines were below required levels, and medicines were predominantly available through an informal market at prices unreachable for most patients on state salaries . The UN Resident Coordinator reported that only 30% of essential medicines are available, and 67,000 children are at risk of missing vaccinations .

Key sources: UN OHCHR (June 2026) , ACAPS humanitarian assessment , Reuters , AP , Foreign Policy , Forbes , NBC News , peer-reviewed medical literature , and statements from the Cuban Vice Prime Minister .