In short, the initial “20 mb/d” estimate captured gross volumes blocked at the chokepoint, not the net barrels missing from the global balance. The actual net shortfall was roughly half that number.

The Four Cushions That Absorbed the Shock

Despite a supply disruption on the scale of 20% of global production, oil benchmarks remained below their 2022 post-Ukraine highs . Four countervailing forces closed the gap:

Strategic Petroleum Reserves

Governments led by the United States and allied nations drew down strategic stockpiles aggressively, replacing lost spot barrels directly. OECD strategic reserves stood at roughly 1.2 billion barrels before the crisis. The drawdown rate has been large enough that the EIA warns OECD inventories are on track to hit their lowest level since record-keeping began in 2023 if the strait stays shut .

Non-OPEC+ Supply Growth

Producers outside the Middle East—US shale, Brazil, Guyana, Canadian oil sands—cranked up output. The IEA explicitly credited non-OPEC+ increases from Kazakhstan and Russia for partially offsetting the 10 mb/d Middle East decline . Near the end of May, the EIA assessed that roughly 10.5 mb/d of production had been shut in across the Gulf region, reinforcing the scale of what the rest of the world was racing to replace .

Demand Destruction

Higher prices and war-driven uncertainty eroded consumption. The IEA projected global crude demand would contract by 420,000 b/d year-on-year in 2026, a 1.3 mb/d swing from its pre-war forecast . OPEC slashed its demand growth estimate from 1.4 mb/d to 1.2 mb/d . The World Bank projects global oil output will fall 6.9 mb/d—6.6%—year-on-year in Q2 2026, the largest quarterly decline since COVID-19 .

Commercial Inventory Drawdowns

ExxonMobil CEO Darren Woods noted during the company’s first-quarter earnings call that the full impact of the supply shortfall had not yet hit because commercial reserves, strategic stockpiles, and tankers in transit were acting as a cushion . By mid-May, CNBC reported that global reserves were depleting at an unprecedented rate, with a real risk of alarmingly low levels if the strait remained blocked .

Goldman Sachs’ Outlook: Late June Normalization, Then a Slow Recovery

Goldman Sachs has tracked the disruption through a series of forecast revisions since March, and its most recent base case—issued June 1, 2026—pins normalization of vessel traffic through the Strait of Hormuz to the end of June. Critically, the firm warns that risks are increasingly skewed toward a longer disruption .

Key projections:

• Gulf output gap: As of a late-April assessment, Persian Gulf production was still running 14.5 mb/d below pre-war levels—a 57% drop. Goldman estimated that restoring those barrels would take “a few months” even after Hormuz reopens, assuming a full, safe reopening and no renewed strikes .
• Price trajectory: In late March, Goldman lifted its 2026 Brent average forecast to $85/bbl from $77 . By late April, the firm raised its Q4 2026 Brent call to $90/bbl from $80, citing a slower Gulf production recovery and a delay in normalization from mid-May to end-June .
• Upside risk: If normalization is delayed beyond June, Goldman warns that prices could break above $100/bbl quickly . A separate March analysis quantified the risk in tiers, estimating that a full one-month closure with no offsets could add $15/bbl; if all spare pipeline capacity and SPR releases are used, the premium drops to $8–$10 .

The Danger on Both Sides of Normalization

The market isn’t just contending with a supply deficit. Goldman’s base case already reflects a supply-demand balance that has swung from a 1.8 mb/d surplus in 2025 to a projected 9.6 mb/d deficit in Q2 2026 . But once the strait reopens, the flood of pent-up Middle Eastern cargoes could create a sudden oversupply. Fitch Ratings and futures markets are already pricing in that flip scenario .

Whether normalization drags into the second half of 2026 or a rapid reopening destabilizes prices in the other direction, the Strait of Hormuz crisis has rewritten global oil-market calculus in the span of a few months. The cushions that softened the initial blow are finite. As inventories run down and strategic reserves approach their operational floors, the margin for further delays is shrinking fast.

In short, the initial “20 mb/d” estimate captured gross volumes blocked at the chokepoint, not the net barrels missing from the global balance. The actual net shortfall was roughly half that number.

The Four Cushions That Absorbed the Shock

Despite a supply disruption on the scale of 20% of global production, oil benchmarks remained below their 2022 post-Ukraine highs . Four countervailing forces closed the gap:

Strategic Petroleum Reserves

Governments led by the United States and allied nations drew down strategic stockpiles aggressively, replacing lost spot barrels directly. OECD strategic reserves stood at roughly 1.2 billion barrels before the crisis. The drawdown rate has been large enough that the EIA warns OECD inventories are on track to hit their lowest level since record-keeping began in 2023 if the strait stays shut .

Non-OPEC+ Supply Growth

Producers outside the Middle East—US shale, Brazil, Guyana, Canadian oil sands—cranked up output. The IEA explicitly credited non-OPEC+ increases from Kazakhstan and Russia for partially offsetting the 10 mb/d Middle East decline . Near the end of May, the EIA assessed that roughly 10.5 mb/d of production had been shut in across the Gulf region, reinforcing the scale of what the rest of the world was racing to replace .

Demand Destruction

Higher prices and war-driven uncertainty eroded consumption. The IEA projected global crude demand would contract by 420,000 b/d year-on-year in 2026, a 1.3 mb/d swing from its pre-war forecast . OPEC slashed its demand growth estimate from 1.4 mb/d to 1.2 mb/d . The World Bank projects global oil output will fall 6.9 mb/d—6.6%—year-on-year in Q2 2026, the largest quarterly decline since COVID-19 .

Commercial Inventory Drawdowns

ExxonMobil CEO Darren Woods noted during the company’s first-quarter earnings call that the full impact of the supply shortfall had not yet hit because commercial reserves, strategic stockpiles, and tankers in transit were acting as a cushion . By mid-May, CNBC reported that global reserves were depleting at an unprecedented rate, with a real risk of alarmingly low levels if the strait remained blocked .

Goldman Sachs’ Outlook: Late June Normalization, Then a Slow Recovery

Goldman Sachs has tracked the disruption through a series of forecast revisions since March, and its most recent base case—issued June 1, 2026—pins normalization of vessel traffic through the Strait of Hormuz to the end of June. Critically, the firm warns that risks are increasingly skewed toward a longer disruption .

Key projections:

• Gulf output gap: As of a late-April assessment, Persian Gulf production was still running 14.5 mb/d below pre-war levels—a 57% drop. Goldman estimated that restoring those barrels would take “a few months” even after Hormuz reopens, assuming a full, safe reopening and no renewed strikes .
• Price trajectory: In late March, Goldman lifted its 2026 Brent average forecast to $85/bbl from $77 . By late April, the firm raised its Q4 2026 Brent call to $90/bbl from $80, citing a slower Gulf production recovery and a delay in normalization from mid-May to end-June .
• Upside risk: If normalization is delayed beyond June, Goldman warns that prices could break above $100/bbl quickly . A separate March analysis quantified the risk in tiers, estimating that a full one-month closure with no offsets could add $15/bbl; if all spare pipeline capacity and SPR releases are used, the premium drops to $8–$10 .

The Danger on Both Sides of Normalization

The market isn’t just contending with a supply deficit. Goldman’s base case already reflects a supply-demand balance that has swung from a 1.8 mb/d surplus in 2025 to a projected 9.6 mb/d deficit in Q2 2026 . But once the strait reopens, the flood of pent-up Middle Eastern cargoes could create a sudden oversupply. Fitch Ratings and futures markets are already pricing in that flip scenario .

Whether normalization drags into the second half of 2026 or a rapid reopening destabilizes prices in the other direction, the Strait of Hormuz crisis has rewritten global oil-market calculus in the span of a few months. The cushions that softened the initial blow are finite. As inventories run down and strategic reserves approach their operational floors, the margin for further delays is shrinking fast.